Corelis Boundary-Scan Blog Boundary-Scan Blog
Conducting product testing on printed circuit boards has the potential to become costly. Because of this, it’s easy for businesses to view PCB assembly testing as an expense without much value.
So, Why Test?
The answer is two-fold. First, manufacturers cannot guarantee product quality without testing. Second, when done correctly, testing saves companies time and money in the long term. Inadequate testing can result in inferior quality products getting shipped to end customers leading to warranty repairs, field failures which require replacement, an inferior product image, and—depending on the industry—even incite potential lawsuits.
On the other hand, adequate testing does not mean that every product requires 100 percent test coverage. The costs of the tests necessary to achieve the last few points toward 100 percent are often not only unnecessary but costly to a point where both production costs and the retail cost of the product can increase exponentially.
It is essential to assess the optimum amount of testing for a given product and industry to maintain a high-quality product while also limiting the overall cost of test. For example, military and aerospace products require a significantly higher investment in test when compared to other industries due to the nature of their mission-critical operation. On the other end of this spectrum, lower cost consumer electronic products, where some amount of product defects may be acceptable, typically require a smaller test investment.
Finding Optimum Testing Coverage
Three main elements of a PCB assembly are evaluated during testing: (1) structural devices, (2) structural connections, and (3) functional connections. These elements are assessed using a combination of popular visual, electrical, and functional testing methods, including automated optical inspection (AOI), automated X-ray inspection (AXI), in-circuit testing (ICT), JTAG boundary-scan, and customized test software.
Many PCB assembly manufacturers use an approach known as PCOLA/SOQ/FAM when evaluating the effectiveness of test systems for their products. This approach defines a defect-spectrum of fault categories for assembled PCBs that can be used by test engineers to calculate a score for defect-coverage. The “PCOLA” segment of the test evaluates the structural devices of a populated PCB using visual testing methods. This portion of the test looks at (1) presence, (2) correctness, (3) orientation, (4) live, and (5) alignment.
